Methodology

PCR

Total put open interest ÷ total call open interest for the selected expiry. PCR of change uses today's change in OI.

Max pain

For each strike, the total intrinsic value option buyers would receive at expiry; the strike with the smallest total.

Support / resistance

Strike with the largest put OI at or below spot (support) and the largest call OI at or above spot (resistance).

Greeks

Black-Scholes on European options with NSE's implied volatility per strike (or IV solved from the option price), a 6.5% risk-free rate and time to the 3:30 pm IST expiry. Theta per calendar day, vega per 1% IV.

Expected move

Price of the ATM call plus the ATM put (the straddle), which approximates the market's expected move to expiry.

OI buildup

NSE's combined futures and options OI change per underlying, paired with the live price change: price up and OI up = long buildup; down and up = short buildup; up and down = short covering; down and down = long unwinding.

Probability of profit

Lognormal distribution centred on spot at the ATM implied volatility, integrated over prices where the strategy's expiry P&L is positive.

IV / volatility rank

NIFTY: today's India VIX relative to its 1-year low (0) and high (100). Stocks: 20-day historical volatility relative to its own 1-year range.

Fear & Greed

Weighted blend of market breadth, India VIX, NIFTY versus its 50/200-day averages, 1-month momentum and FII flows, scaled 0–100.

NIFTY pullers & draggers

Weight ≈ free-float market cap (market cap × non-promoter holding) ÷ total; contribution = yesterday's weight × % change × yesterday's index level.

Advance/decline

NSE's advances and declines per index; ratio = advances ÷ declines.

Valuations

Index P/E, P/B and dividend yield as published by NSE Indices (trailing, standalone).

ADR premium

(ADR price × USD/INR ÷ shares per ADR − NSE price) ÷ NSE price, using the latest price in each market.

Technical scan

Runs every 30 minutes over our ~750-stock universe using daily bars: moving averages, RSI (Wilder, 14), MACD (12, 26, 9), volume versus 20-day average, 52-week and all-time highs (monthly highs since 1995).

Minervini template

All eight trend-template rules, with relative strength = 1-year return percentile within our universe (top 30% required).

Delivery %

From NSE's end-of-day full bhavcopy, EQ series only.

Superstar investors

12 months of NSE bulk and block deals, matched to each investor by the client names reported to the exchange.

Ask Bull, Deep Research, company timelines and the BullStocks consensus are generated by a large language model from a research pack we assemble for each question: live quotes, fundamentals, filings, results, news and the tools above. The model is instructed to use only that pack, cite sources and say when data is missing. Outputs can still contain errors — check important figures against the linked sources.

NSE public data and archives (prices, indices, option chains, OI, deals, delivery, holidays), Yahoo Finance (quotes, history, fundamentals, global markets and commodities), company filings and news publishers via RSS. See the data hub for refresh times.